If you’re new to sports betting then odds and how they are calculated can seem a bit of mystery. And around $150 on origin with a small profit on the races and a. The lay price of the 1×2 (home, draw, away) market of Premier League games is an excellent benchmark of value because Premier League games exhibit the following characteristics on the exchange: They are. 28 million. Just had a look and u can get 8-1 for ronnie clark to beat Martin j ward ( 1-20). Horse Racing Tracker. It aims to provide strong profits through backing value. 64 million. [email protected] Barbitrage Ltd, Cosmopolitan House, Old Fore Street, Sidmouth, Devon, EX10 8LS To access this page, you must purchase Bookie Bashing Membership. The Power of Data with Bookie Bashing’s Golf Tracker. O. JIM DELAHUNT Our man's tips on Gers vs Hearts, Celtic vs Ross County plus his weekend acca. Understanding Variance in Betting. November 23, 2023. Today, we bring you the. The xG of the starting 20 outfield players will be normalised to equal the team xG (see Screenshot 1 below) A % of the team xG will be allocated to substitutes, this is set by default at 9. Top. All of which has been designed to enable you to quickly and easily find the right tipster to start bashing the bookies with! 54 Top Tipsters Intensely Scrutinised. Posted on February 19, 2021 by Peter Ling. The raw data is available here. November 9, 2023. Professional Gamblers – History’s. The bookiebashing golf tracker will be available to subscribers from Tuesday 15th June to help narrow down the value betting propositions. Some golfers simply can’t be trusted with the putter, even if they can out-drive. Data is from 12th September 2020 (the launch of the tool) to 4th May 2023. This only currently works where they are mutually exclusive bets (not in the same game). This infrequency is due to the amount of time it takes to manually record the Win/Loss of (literally) hundreds of thousands of bets across our site. Subscribe to access a suite of tools and trackers for online and shop sports betting. Enter the stake you are willing to risk. Football. 30,336,007 articles and books. 2023 Betting Awards: Gold in "Best Golf", "Best Sport" and "Best Overall". After a relatively successful first week I thought I'd continue on with this bookie bashing! Personally I made around a $600 profit with $300 of that coming from a free hit I had in play on bet365 (again if you don't have an account jump on board ASAP! It's literally free money). The Safeway Championship takes place on 10th September at the Silverado Resort and Spa in California. [email protected] Barbitrage Ltd, Cosmopolitan House, Old Fore Street, Sidmouth, Devon, EX10 8LSHaving trouble accessing your account? The password should be the same as your main site login, if that doesn't work you'll need to login to the main site and reset your password by going to My account -> change password or access by clicking here. x winners in y events4. To access this page, you must purchase Bookie Bashing Membership. The “Fair Odds” will switch automatically from Best Bookie Price (BBP) to the exchange odds once exchange liquidity comes available. BookieBashing. Laying the win only and targeting any place. Thursday Jul 20, 2023. Discord is a great platform for members to chat and share sports strategies with each other. [email protected] Barbitrage Ltd, Cosmopolitan House, Old Fore Street, Sidmouth, Devon, EX10 8LS At the beginning of the year we had a Consultation with members over new bookmakers to add to the Horse Racing Tracker in 2023. 3 - Settings Watch our Free Value Betting Course here:. This is why we have a betting guides section that teaches you how our team go about finding the best bookies to bet with and the best tips to follow. Liability. This is because: Any comment, feature. Another solid week bashing making a killing on tabs promo and bet365 must like giving away money. About this app. io are a premium API supplier for horse racing, football, rugby and american football odds. Bookie Bashing are a more expensive site that determine value in golf, shops, combination bets (YourOdds, Requestabets etc), horse racing and early payout tracking. Our mission is to empower our members with the knowledge and resources they need to excel in the world of advantage play and value betting. Length of losing runs. I used the first few days getting used to the software and reading all about the service on their website, and then started placing Lucky 15s over. 3K views, 1 likes, 2 loves, 1 comments, 0 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from BookieBashing. RACING: Liking what I see from the Bookiebashing Racing Tracker. Given the nature of the bookiebashing there will be different ROI profiles depending on what you bet on. net Coupons: Save big with our 1+ Bookiebashing. A favourite tactic of ours is to place the top seven teams into 35 trebles – if you bet £10 per treble this makes your total stake £350. 2023 Betting Awards: Gold in "Best Golf", "Best Sport" and "Best Overall". Let me start off by saying that I am more than aware that the performance levels I’ve reached. g. On days without a big game this page will be empty. Part Seven: Bookie Bashing – How to keep under the bookmaker’s radar Subscribe Now & Gain Instant Access! We have over 11 years experience of helping people make money betting and have plenty on offer to help you make 2017 your best punting year yet. earn TAX FREE, RISK FREE MONEY. Using statistics in golf betting Read More »Talk about bookie bashing! 5. Drive for Show but Putt for Dough – is this accurate? Drive for Show but Putt for Dough: Bobby Locke (1917-1987) Was Bobby right? When we are value betting on golf it is useful to have some confidence in this statement. One of their best tools is the. Daily In-Plays and Accumulators included all for free!The BetBuilder Coupon Tool is an advanced tool for searching for value This tool helps us monitor the fair odds of different markets at a large number of games concurrently. 14 15-15-149. Fractional Kelly. 10 years and 2 children later, my husband is a full time. Bookiebashing Lines (Game Centre, Player xG, Handicaps, Totals, Player Stats, Combobets) Bets are tracked live on your Private Tracker. average result was -£3. Coupon Code: SHOW COUPON CODE. I will offer a unique and knowledgeable tipping service to earn you the extra cash that you need. . Benchmarking against a liquid market in an exchange. The powerful betting strategy used in bookie shops that has made over £60,000 since 2017 for one punter. As a reality check, the line used on Sportingindex is buy 10. Find the latest golf tracker here. Scoop6 – Choose 6 winners in nominated races. 2015/20 2019/20 2018/19 2017/18 2016/17 2015/16 % Headers: Total Goals: Headed goals: Total Goals: Headed goals: Total Goals: Headed goals: Total Goals: Headed goalsA new feature on the betbuilder allows you to track player bets on Private and Group trackers in real time. That rate of return ain’t going to last, I can tell you. We then use this line as a priority over the spreads at bookiebashing in the detailed games: 6. The object of the challenge is to turn £50 into £1000 in 14 consecutive bets. xG per minute (Calcualted by 3 and 4). Free bets. Unveiling the Success Story: How Bookie Bashing Transformed a. 25% OFF Unique Discount Code Sign-up now with your unique discount code and get access to all our fantastic tools and trackers! Get My Code 15+ Years of Experience to Help You Winning Formula You will learn about Value Betting and how to plan a proper bankroll management strategy to success Trackers & Tools You. Oddschecker spokesperson George Elek: “It's certainly been a day for favourite backers and bookies will have been watching on from behind their sofas as Paisley Park stormed up the hill from. Bashing Report Read More »An interview with Tom Brownlee of the Bookie Bashing service on his professional betting output. The bookiebashing horse racing tracker rates the EV of every horse in every UK and Ireland race, every day of the year. Bankroll Management. Part 1/4 fantastic Star Sports Bet interview with Tom BrownLee co-founder of Bookie Bashing is out! Tom talks to Simon Nott about:. Introduction to The Bookie Basher I don’t think that it’s any big secret in the betting world that an important part of long term profits is leveraging value. com with 22. Never before will you have had such ready access to the value mugs and shop coupon updates, saving you vital time at crucial moments. November 23, 2023. The cover bet with the highest p/l was Lucky 15s. Bankroll Management 3 Staking Plans Staking appropriately is an essential aspect of any Advantage Player. We are behind on these plans because as the year progressed we ran into significant issues to just keep existing bookmakers from becoming stale. We are in the process of allocating normalised results, aswell as analysing results for AGS and 2+ and 3+ goalscorers. Introduction The Rugby World Cup is around the corner, and sports enthusiasts worldwide are gearing up for a thrilling competition. Golf results 2023 – You only. Won £930,368 – £41 on a 15-Leg Acca. 34. We are. When you use this tool with a simple Lucky 15 strategy (as we outline in our review) then you have a seriously powerful betting. It is noted that betting on large steamers at closing profit yields the worst average return price. I love it. The table refers to all results Tues-Fri. 397 likes · 3 talking about this. The average annual profit from these strategies is £49,828. olf Tracker. GET MY FREE MAGAZINE Highlights Bookie Bashing SBC. To convert fractional to decimal, work out the fraction and add 1. If you want an API feed for horse racing then we recommend OddsHawk. What does it do? The software tracks prices on the Betfair exchange and summarises it for the user. 17 £7,314. Since May 2019 using a £1,000 starting bank, Weekly Golf Value’s selections have made a £14,468. We each util. 2023 Betting Awards: Gold in "Best Golf", "Best Sport" and "Best Overall. "I received some advice last week from a fellow Bookie Basher member who for the last couple of years or so has made more money from the Racing Tracker than anything else. Exclusive OR bets5. The Horse Racing tracker won Gold in the SBC betting awards, voted by members. The expected minute the player will be subbed on. We then know the odds for AGS, FGS, 2+ and 3+. I think we will win against St Johnstone and like the 13/8 being offered but I wouldn’t back us unless we have a couple of players back. Ads. Share. What is Bookie Bashing? Who are We. Wats people's thoughts. Each morning, the BookieBashing team will define the primary games taking place that day. Placing an accumulator bet is the perfect mug bet, as they’ll think you’re one of these punters. net: If you're taking your betting seriously, you should be placing multiples! Even Joseph Buchdahl. 28 million. Laying the win and the place and targeting the EP. A considerable amount of resource has gone into the stability and. 572 likes. The average odds of a fourfold was 1. Four others are generic calculators, and the remaining 19 trackers and tools are designed for value on the exchanges and in shops. If you’re looking for something new, we are probably it! Find. 162 likes. (Sports) by "The Racing Post (London, England)"; Sports and fitness. 1 15-15-15. It is, for this chap, “by far the most profitable service [he’s] ever used. We bet at 100. Bookie Bashing Uk has finally arrived I will be blogging my tips and my profit and loss for all to see I have to admit that i have used this idea from nextbet. But what if the 1% or 0. . Horse Racing Tracker Basic. join the telegram free group for Cheltenham tips, profited 11/12 months this. The bookie/exchange markets price of 2. Read More Take your betting to the next level BB Trackers Live trackers with up to the minute. RACING: The Bookie Bashing Racing Tracker – how I’ve made 550% ROC, part 1. Our trackers cover each-way betting on horse racing and golf, with a special focus on the PGA and DP World Tour events. The bookiebashing xG calculation is as follows: We interrogate the exchange to determine if the o2. Rangers & Celtic both to win next weekend Evens. The tracker is live and dynamic; ratings change in real time as market information changes. "The team said that the odds of 2 to 1 suggested that the bookies think this reflects the odds for that outcome but, 5 to 1, which offer higher returns. EV is worked out by dividing the available back odds by fair odds. The page is updated every few minutes with live data. [email protected] Barbitrage Ltd, Cosmopolitan House, Old Fore Street, Sidmouth, Devon, EX10 8LS The database also contains the xG of a lot of games in secondary/tertiary competitions. What is Advantage play/Value betting. The concessionary places: 8 places (1/5) – Skybet, William Hill,. New Review Submitted for BOCSports. 64 million. 5 exchange data for each game Method C – using a discrete probability distribution This is followed by a case study using real data. In actual fact, odds are merely a reflection of how likely something is to happen. Min first bet £10. Unique horses are chosen by “the first occasion recorded”. 3 - SettingsWatch our Free Value Betting Course here: us on Twitt. Discount Code Read More » Value betting. A bookmaker boosts Chelsea, Bournemouth and Cardiff all to win 12/1. The Game Centre provides a single “Fair Odds” for all goals markets in a football game. If undertaking golf betting, think in terms of an 12-18 month window. Whether you’re a seasoned bettor or just starting, our unique algorithms and in-house developed trackers give you a distinct market edge. The return can average 20% of overall stake placed on a race. We have analysed the results of Shots on Target from 12,786 players on the xSOT tool at bookiebashing. Football, golf, darts – they calculate fair odds and identify value bets for all of them. . 5. The fourfolds performed relatively badly compared to other multiples. A considerable amount of resource has gone. Re: The shark 8-1 bookie bashing or not. . net. Winning is the easy part of gambling. Provided to YouTube by CDBabyBookie Bashing · Sir DossaBookie Bashing℗ 2018 Sir DossaReleased on: 2018-03-09Auto-generated by YouTube. The tracker is live and dynamic; ratings change in real time. The modernized ways of. As they say, they’re only getting started for the night. On horses the long term ROI on BBAlgo is 6%, using default is 5%. Graphs. . Stake too high and you risk the chance of ruin. 15% off all orders, 25% off orders of $150 or more; & 35% off orders of $250 or more! [Expires: 27 November 2023]Bookie Bashing focus on price boosts and accumulator boosts to find value in the sports betting markets. Only been using the Bookiebashing Racing Tracker tentatively whilst settling on my approach as to how exactly I’m going to use it. Periodicals Literature. You can now share bets with your team(s) by using the bookiebashing Group Tracker. 1% restricted account just. With no bias applied to the margin, the fair odds are 2. xG is derived from the daily goals page. Place a single bet of a minimum €5/£5 on any sport. 16 2Assuming that the odds band 20/1 to 60/1 is the optimal filter, we then look at ROI by bookmaker in Graph 2. The £3. net promo code and other discount voucher for you to consider including 1 bookiebashing. 12 7-7-119. We were able to identify 4,524 Lucky 15s. co. In this episode, SBC Editor, Pete gets the chance to quiz Tom about some really interesting topics including how he bets on football, the Bookie Bashing football coupon strategy that involves betting in bookmaker shops and withdrawal strategies! Episode 20: Wayne from Northern Monkey Punter A Smart Betting Club membership means that you can benefit from a large number of exclusive special deals, free trials and large discounts for many of the best tipster services across all sports. All reactions: 7. November 9, 2023. The Bet Builder can be used to work out combination bets for shots on target to combine 2+ players together and to estimate at shots in each half. Trackers. Through a combination of these probabilities we are able to precisely define the DDHH Neutral Odds – the minimum odds we can back DDHH at for the bet still to be value. The 2nd review from SBC Magazine #122 is out now and it focuses on a hugely profitable horse racing tool from the ‘ Bookie Bashing ’. 1) You gotta learn to deal with your emotions if you want to take betting seriously. RT bookiebashnet: Use coupon code and receive 2 months access for £5 available during December #bookiebashi…. It is a tool that is commonly used by advantage players to compound EV (Expected Value). 100+ Downloads. 8M visits. 2023 Betting Awards: Gold in "Best Golf", "Best Sport" and "Best Overall". 54 under Poisson. Matched Betting is dead, long live value betting!We find the latest big edges, analyse them, develop a strategy and start to profit. Laying the win only and targeting any place. G + R's Bookie Bashing Tips. We use seven teams as it gives a nice balance between returns and variance. Videos Play all Shorts Find us at betting trackers, tools and an educational hub. A Lucky 15 bet is a bet on four selections and consists of 4 x singles, six doubles, four trebles and a four-fold. Combobets Tracker. Despite not really getting close to any really significant wins in the first couple of weeks, I could see very quickly that it was simply a matter of staying patient […]October 3, 2023. [email protected] Barbitrage Ltd, Cosmopolitan House, Old Fore Street, Sidmouth, Devon, EX10 8LS[email protected] Barbitrage Ltd, Cosmopolitan House, Old Fore Street, Sidmouth, Devon, EX10 8LSDetailed games. In order that we can benchmark these accurately we need models for each element. Understanding Variance in Betting. The Horse Racing tracker won Gold in the SBC betting awards, voted by members. BOOKIE BASHING Rangers’ odds of winning Premiership title SLASHED as punters back Ibrox side to win the league ahead of Celtic. . I wrote last week about how excited I am to be using the Bookiebashing Racing Tracker, and to date, it hasn’t disappointed. You define what market(s) you. The raw data is available here. In this 2nd volume we look at methods for estimating: 1. . New Horse. Personalised bets (eg #YourOdds)2. etc etc. The latest Tweets from Bookie Bashing 24/7 (@bookiebashin247). net 2nd most similar site is matchbook. At Bookie Bashing, we pride ourselves on providing our members with cutting-edge tools and trackers to assist them in making informed betting and trading decisions. (Odds are ever so slightly better the day of kickoff typically). The bookies have various tactics up their sleeves; they change a bit of code here, a URL there, they block an IP address they guess is being used to access data. Wats people's thoughts. Last Update: 21/02/22BookieBashing Golf Tracker double – Cantlay and Caldwell – variance study of probability that our balance would rise from £1,000 to £7,281 We have had a second winner from the last 2 weeks from the Golf Options tracker – with Jonathan Caldwell (150/1) beating Otageui (55/1) into 2nd. Posted on October 12, 2022 by Rowan Day A reader of the Bet Diary has emailed to ask how I. Just had a look and u can get 8-1 for ronnie clark to beat Martin j ward ( 1-20). 70 £900. Last month we consulted the community for a list of bookmakers they wanted to be added to the horse racing tracker. Find us at Value betting trackers, tools and an educational hub. com ranks as the 4th most similar website to. The £3. At Bookie Bashing, we pride ourselves on delivering live data that sets us apart from the competition. 11 6-6-112. Best Regards, Peter Ling Smart Betting Club EditorEpisode 166 - Tom Brownlee Tom joins the podcast to talk about his advantage play and professional betting as well as the dark arts of betting and gambling. The bookiebashing golf tracker will be available to subscribers from Tuesday 19th January to help narrow down the value betting propositions. ” Thomas: I’d dish out 3 key takeaways that I’ve gotten from my experience. Betfred has an ROI of 17. arrow_forward. Prices offered by the bookmaker will tend to track the exchanges and there is no reason to believe the Under on the exchange will be inefficient at the levels of liquidity available on the World Cup Final. Every shop coupon is monitored for value, pricing up a lot of the markets that aren't. 58% ROI from 2,929 advised tips, across. This diagram represents estimated ROI vs Effort: Of the 24 trackers and tools we have at BookieBashing only 1 is specific to online soft bookmakers – the Early Payout Tracker. The best resul was -£1. 28 million bankroll of Sports Bets Analyst. The World Cup Final is an extreme low sample size spectacle. 28 million bankroll of Sports Bets Analyst. Silver in "Best Horse Racing. 2 Free Trials A top horse racing tipster, a darts ‘Hall of Famer’ and an award winning horse racing tool, all offer free trials for our members. Understanding Variance in Betting. Our mission is to empower our members with the knowledge and resources they need to excel in the world of advantage play and value betting. The original blog for Golf Results 2023 is here. 25 per day. Variance Model Instructions Read. We use this function to target specific players for FGS, 2+, 3+ and DDHH days in advance, and share. All time golf results here. Using our industry contacts,. A couple of gremlins on the weekend. Bookie Bashing Solves Everything: Handy Matched Betting Offer. Tracker (online, shop and private) Early Pay. The 2023 SBC Betting Awards concluded this week, as voted by both members and the general public. Posted by Bookie Bashing at 07:29. This keeps the betting simple and means they can bet on. The £3. If undertaking golf betting, think in terms of an 12-18 month window. Video Course for Bookie Bashing Members: Session 1. Sign up. At bookiebashing we categories them as follows: Unit. This success underscores the effectiveness of strategies in handling variance over an extended period. Listen to E166 - Bookie Bashing from Business of Betting with Jason Trost. Understanding Variance. The cover bet with the highest p/l was Lucky 15s. O. 10 2-2-106. All time golf results here. Trackers. There are many staking different types of staking strategies. 3 - Settings Watch our Free Value Betting Course here:. 155 views 8 minutes ago. Understanding Variance in Betting. We offer a wide variety of daily football betting tips and predictions across 100+ leagues, covering singles, doubles, trebles, accumulator tips, as well as a prolific goals galore tipping market. Full Time Bookie Bashing. net coupon codes, promo codes, deals and offers Assessing the value. The BashCast 207 - The £1500 Jaeger Bomb and a new best friend. Tools All Calculators Darts Datalab Football Racing Datalab Horse Race Meetings System bets calculator Virtuals x180 xSOT Detailed Games Match xG Game Centre. Agenda: [00:01:58] - Tom recaps the Smart-Bash event, the positives, the negatives, the-EV blackjack and the. The Handicaps tool returns fair odds for Handicap Lines (and Points Total Lines) in NFL, Rugby Union, Rugby League, Basketball, Darts and Snooker. Key metrics at Torrey Pines, San Diego, California Strokes Gained Off the Tee, Driving Distance and Greens in Regulation are all. Join us for a SBC & @bookiebashnet YouTube Live TODAY at 8pm as we explore their fantastic Racing Tracker Tool! Read more about Bookie Bashing Racing Tracker at the. Understanding Variance in Betting. If you’re looking for something new, we are. Over 2,000 bets, the tracker showcased consistent growth, turning a starting capital of £1,000 into over £12,000. The graph is overlaid with a prediction of corners using a mean of 9. The Four Dark Arts of Professional Betting Read More » Bashing Report This FREE magazine will keep you up to date with what’s going on at Bookie Bashing – from the ROI of our trackers to awards, podcasts, models that have been recently updated/released and a look at the R&D that is going on behind the scenes. C - ISBN 10: 165645100X - ISBN 13: 9781656451002 - Independently published - 2020 - SoftcoverGreat Sports Offers Results The table below presents all +EV Great Sports Offers. Video Course for Bookie Bashing Members: Session 1. The app allows you to filter your own content, block users, report content to admins and manage your forum thread subscriptions. 5. Here are 8 tips for dealing with losing runs: Be a man / woman. Bookies also love accas, as they don’t offer the customer much value. 8. Our tool calculates the player xG for every player in a game. Golf Tracker – 10-15% of the field is selected to mirror a reasonable member strategy. Detailed game pages contain estimations for goals, corners and cards split by team and by half. The best resul was -£1. Horse Race Meetings Tool – Instructions. It aims to provide strong profits through backing value bets. This is un-normalised data (without team news allocation). 2023 Betting Awards: Gold in "Best Golf", "Best Sport" and "Best Overall. Married to the job Read More »1. 397 likes · 3 talking about this. 2 million / 1. I have just. Shops have different limits on. 6% bank growth. Team to win and over 1 or 2 goals Mutually exclusive outcomes are outcomes that have no relationship with. BB has been an advantage play community since 2015 and in the decade before this we were involved with various betting syndicates. 46 12. Most acca bettors tend to place their wagers on one or two sports. Golf results 2023 – You only. Through our experiences with the more professional teams we identified four dark arts that each of them worked on to maintain their profitability. 13 15-15-134. BookieBashing is a service for professional bettors and advantage players and those that want to bet with an edge. Advantage play/value betting BookieBashing is a service for professional bettors and advantage players and those that want to bet with an edge. TOM BROWNLEE (part 1 of 4) Tom talks about not being a bookie’s nightmare but explains algorithms, his backgr. It is possible to make long term profit by betting on horse races where the terms are in our favour. It’s probably even higher than this. Football, golf, darts – they calculate fair odds and identify value bets for all of them. Redirecting to /i/flow/login?redirect_after_login=%2FbookiebashnetFind us at Value betting trackers, tools and an educational hub. Data (all +EV horses) taken at 12pm Unit Win Strategy to win £200 on the Win Cheltenham horses only, not other racecourses Spreadsheet has Tue-Fri horses. In the world of horse racing betting, relying on data-driven decisions can provide a significant advantage. 2 - Site LayoutWatch our Free Value Betting Course here: us on Tw. 1 comment. 1 vote. if a horse was +EV at both betfred and william hill it is only included once in the analysis, not twice. Non-exclusive OR bets3. DOWNLOAD ALL HISTORICAL RESULTS Year Date Number of bets Avg. Benchmarking. The most popular of their tools is the fantastic Horse Racing Tracker, a core element of the Bookie Bashing site that we analysed in depth in 2022 (SBC Members can read that in SBC Magazine #127). Moore is odds-on to be the week’s top. CELEBRATE the first punting weekend of the New Year by battering the bookies with greyhound, football and horserace wagers - Portman Park. By the end of June, I was playing $700/unit. Bookie bashing 4 . Bookmaker/Bookie - The people (or very large firms) who offer the odds to the punters. Value Betting Course FREE Value Betting/ Advantage Player video course. net. Easy as 1,2,3. Barbitrage Ltd. Bashing Report Read More » And finally, the recent performance of the Value Bets gleaned from the Bookie Bashing Bet Tracker has been not a lot short of miraculous. NEW. Download HorsesThe shark 8-1 bookie bashing or not. We bet at 100. Bookie Bashing is an SBC favourite. otball Coupons Tracker. Subscribe to access a suite of tools and trackers for online and shop sports betting. Laying with Kelly Calculator. To access this page, you must purchase Bookie Bashing Membership. The bookiebashing virtuals tool assesses all horses at the virtual racetracks, and applies a markup with appropriate bias. e. .